JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical III Year II Semester (3-2) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 20-0-10, 23 credits.

Also mandatory: an Industry Internship of 8 weeks during the summer vacation — the PDF records only the 2-0-0 credit line for this with no unit-wise syllabus. Also offered as optional add-ons: a Minor Course from the specialization pool (3-0-3, 4.5 credits), a further Minor Course (3-0-0, 3 credits), and two Honors Courses (3-0-0, 3 credits each) — again drawn from a separate elective pool rather than one fixed syllabus.

Professional Elective-II options:

Mechanical Vibrations · Advanced Manufacturing Processes · Micro Electro Mechanical Systems · Sensors and Instrumentation

Professional Elective-III options:

Energy Storage Technologies · Industrial Hydraulics and Pneumatics · Industrial Robotics · Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

Open Elective-II options:

Introduction to Industrial Robotics · Industrial Management · Additive Manufacturing · Vehicle Technology · Industrial Safety

Heat Transfer

teaches how thermal energy moves by conduction, convection, and radiation, giving mechanical engineers the analytical basis for designing everything from engine cooling to heat exchangers.

• Unit 1: Conduction fundamentals — the general heat conduction equation and steady-state conduction through slabs, cylinders, spheres, and fins
• Unit 2: Transient conduction (Biot/Fourier numbers) and the basics of convective heat transfer via dimensional analysis
• Unit 3: Forced convection in external and internal flows, and free convection along vertical surfaces
• Unit 4: Heat transfer with phase change — boiling, condensation, and heat exchanger design (LMTD/NTU methods)
• Unit 5: Radiation heat transfer — black-body laws, shape factors, and radiation exchange between grey surfaces

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

introduces AI/ML concepts to mechanical engineers, reflecting how data-driven methods now feed into predictive maintenance, design optimization, and smart manufacturing.

• Unit 1: AI fundamentals — intelligent agents, rationality, and logical/knowledge representation
• Unit 2: Supervised learning — regression, decision trees, support vector machines, and the bias-variance trade-off
• Unit 3: Unsupervised learning (clustering, PCA) and Bayesian/instance-based learning methods
• Unit 4: Neural networks — perceptrons, backpropagation, CNNs, RNNs — and genetic algorithms
• Unit 5: Deep learning architectures and evaluating/ensembling machine learning models

Finite Element Methods

teaches the numerical technique behind virtually all modern structural, thermal, and vibration simulation software used in mechanical design.

• Unit 1: FEM fundamentals — stress-strain relations, variational and weighted-residual methods, and 1D problems
• Unit 2: Bar element formulation, mesh generation, and truss analysis
• Unit 3: Beam element stiffness matrices and load-vector derivation
• Unit 4: 2D stress analysis with constant-strain triangles, axisymmetric problems, and isoparametric elements
• Unit 5: Steady-state heat transfer analysis and dynamic/free-vibration analysis via eigenvalue problems

Mechanical Vibrations

(Professional Elective-II) — extends vibration theory from Theory of Machines into multi-degree-of-freedom systems and measurement instrumentation used to diagnose real machinery.

• Unit 1: Mathematical modelling of single-degree-of-freedom free and forced vibrating systems
• Unit 2: Free and forced vibration of multi-degree-of-freedom systems via matrix methods and modal analysis
• Unit 3: Torsional and transverse vibrations of rods and beams, plus an introduction to non-linear and random vibration
• Unit 4: Vibration-measuring instruments and critical speeds of shafts
• Unit 5: Laplace-transform-based response analysis to impulse, step, and pulse inputs

Advanced Manufacturing Processes

(Professional Elective-II) — covers non-traditional machining and micro/nanoscale fabrication routes that go beyond the conventional processes taught earlier in the programme.

• Unit 1: Advanced machining processes — AJM, WJM, wire-EDM, ECM, LBM, EBM, and PAM
• Unit 2: Additive manufacturing methods — stereolithography, LOM, laser sintering, and FDM
• Unit 3: Surface treatment/coating methods and ceramic processing
• Unit 4: Composite processing (MMC/CMC/PMC) and nanomaterial processing techniques
• Unit 5: Fabrication of microelectronic devices, including wafer preparation and PCB technology

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

(Professional Elective-II) — introduces MEMS design and fabrication, the miniaturized sensor/actuator technology increasingly embedded in mechanical and mechatronic products.

• Unit 1: MEMS fabrication basics (lithography, etching, wafer bonding) and mechanical sensors/actuators
• Unit 2: Thermal sensors and actuators, including shape-memory-alloy actuators
• Unit 3: Micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) and magnetic sensors/actuators
• Unit 4: Microfluidic systems and RF MEMS devices
• Unit 5: Chemical and biomedical microsystems, including lab-on-a-chip sensing

Sensors and Instrumentation

(Professional Elective-II) — covers the sensing and data-acquisition technology that underlies measurement, automation, and mechatronic control systems.

• Unit 1: Measurement fundamentals — error analysis, transducer characteristics, and sensor calibration
• Unit 2: Motion, proximity, and ranging sensors — encoders, LVDT, accelerometers, and LIDAR
• Unit 3: Force, magnetic, and heading sensors — strain gauges, Hall-effect sensors, and gyroscopes
• Unit 4: Optical, pressure, and temperature sensors, plus smart and MEMS/nano sensors
• Unit 5: Signal conditioning and data-acquisition systems for single- and multi-channel logging

Energy Storage Technologies

(Professional Elective-III) — covers the battery and storage systems central to the electric-vehicle and renewable-energy transition, an increasingly important area for mechanical engineers.

• Unit 1: Energy storage systems overview, including thermal storage and phase-change materials
• Unit 2: Chemical storage systems and electromagnetic storage (supercapacitors, SMES)
• Unit 3: Electrochemical storage — battery working principles and major battery chemistries
• Unit 4: Supercapacitors and fuel cells, including hybrid systems
• Unit 5: Battery design, thermal management, and recycling for electric vehicles

Industrial Hydraulics and Pneumatics

(Professional Elective-III) — covers fluid-power systems used to actuate industrial machinery, complementing the fluid mechanics taught earlier with practical circuit design.

• Unit 1: Fluid power fundamentals and the working fluids used in hydraulic/pneumatic systems
• Unit 2: Hydraulic and pneumatic elements — pumps, actuators, control valves, and FRL units
• Unit 3: Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit design, including ISO symbols and logic circuit methods
• Unit 4: Hydraulic and pneumatic devices — automotive brakes, forklifts, and pneumatic tools
• Unit 5: Installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of hydraulic and pneumatic systems

Industrial Robotics

(Professional Elective-III) — covers the kinematics, actuation, and programming of industrial robot arms, a core automation technology in modern manufacturing.

• Unit 1: Robot anatomy, classification, and components of industrial robots
• Unit 2: Robot actuators (pneumatic, hydraulic, electric) and feedback components
• Unit 3: Motion analysis and manipulator kinematics (D-H notation, forward/inverse kinematics)
• Unit 4: Trajectory planning, path generation, and robot programming languages
• Unit 5: Image processing and machine vision in robotic applications

Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

(Professional Elective-III) — extends thermodynamics into cooling-system design, covering the refrigeration cycles and psychrometric calculations behind HVAC and cold-chain equipment.

• Unit 1: Refrigeration fundamentals and air-refrigeration cycles (Bell-Coleman)
• Unit 2: Vapour compression refrigeration systems and an introduction to cryogenics
• Unit 3: Refrigerants, vapour absorption systems, and steam-jet refrigeration
• Unit 4: Air-conditioning psychrometrics and cooling-load calculations
• Unit 5: Air-conditioning system classification and heat pump circuits

Introduction to Industrial Robotics

(Open Elective-II) — the same robot kinematics, actuation, and machine-vision syllabus as the Professional Elective-III “Industrial Robotics” course, offered here as an open elective for students from other specializations.

• Unit 1: Robot anatomy, classification, and components
• Unit 2: Robot actuators and feedback components
• Unit 3: Motion analysis and manipulator kinematics
• Unit 4: Trajectory planning, path generation, and robot programming
• Unit 5: Image processing and machine vision in robotics

Industrial Management

(Open Elective-II) — the same industrial-engineering and management syllabus taught as a management course in II Year II Semester, offered here as an open elective.

• Unit 1: Industrial engineering fundamentals, scientific management, and plant layout
• Unit 2: Work study — method study, time study, and ergonomics
• Unit 3: Statistical quality control and total quality management
• Unit 4: Financial management and capital budgeting
• Unit 5: Human resource management and value engineering

Additive Manufacturing

(Open Elective-II) — covers 3D-printing/rapid-prototyping technology in depth, from the underlying processes to tooling and data formats used in industry.

• Unit 1: Rapid prototyping fundamentals and liquid-based systems (SLA, Solid Ground Curing)
• Unit 2: Solid-based systems — laminated object manufacturing and fused deposition modelling
• Unit 3: Powder-based systems — selective laser sintering and 3D printing
• Unit 4: Rapid tooling — direct and indirect tooling methods
• Unit 5: RP data formats (STL) and applications across aerospace, automotive, and medical fields

Vehicle Technology

(Open Elective-II) — the same advanced-engine, combustion, and electrification syllabus as the Professional Elective-I “Conventional and Futuristic Vehicle Technology” course, offered here as an open elective.

• Unit 1: Advanced engine technologies — direct injection, variable compression, and turbocharging
• Unit 2: Advanced combustion technologies (HCCI, PCCI, RCCI)
• Unit 3: Low-carbon fuel technology
• Unit 4: Hybrid and battery-electric vehicle configurations
• Unit 5: Fuel-cell technology for automotive applications

Industrial Safety

(Open Elective-II) — covers workplace safety management and fire protection, essential compliance knowledge for engineers who will work in or manage industrial plants.

• Unit 1: History and development of industrial safety management and safety organizations
• Unit 2: Accident prevention, protective equipment, and accident investigation
• Unit 3: Safety legislation (Factories Act, Boiler Act, ESI Act) and occupational health/ergonomics
• Unit 4: Fire prevention and protection systems, including extinguishing agents and equipment
• Unit 5: Building fire safety design, egress, and fire-safety requirements for high-rise buildings

Heat Transfer Lab

verifies conduction, convection, and radiation theory experimentally across a range of standard heat-transfer test rigs.

• Conduction and convection tests: composite slabs, lagged pipes, pin-fin efficiency, natural/forced convection coefficients
• Radiation tests: emissivity determination and verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
• Phase-change and heat-exchanger tests: drop/film condensation, critical heat flux, and parallel/counter-flow heat exchanger effectiveness

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Lab

gives students coding practice implementing the ML models covered in the lecture course using Python’s data-science stack.

• Python data-science libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn, and TensorFlow, plus data preprocessing/cleaning
• Model implementation: linear/logistic regression, ANN, CNN, RNN, decision trees, Naive Bayes, and SVM
• Advanced exercise: building an autoencoder

Robotics and Drone Technologies Lab

hands-on robot and drone building that complements the Industrial Robotics and vehicle-technology theory with maker-style prototyping.

• Robotics exercises: robot kinematic simulation, Arduino-based robot builds, obstacle-avoidance and line-following robots, and a robotic-arm/gripper build with PID control
• Drone exercises: understanding drone parts and flight dynamics (roll/pitch/yaw), sensor and battery management, and building a payload-carrying prototype drone

Technical Paper Writing and IPR

a mandatory audit course teaching academic writing conventions alongside intellectual-property fundamentals students need before filing a patent or publishing research.

• Unit 1: Planning and preparation for technical writing — structure, clarity, and avoiding ambiguity
• Unit 2: Literature review and the components of a research paper (methods, results, discussion)
• Unit 3: Nature of intellectual property and the patenting process, including PCT filing
• Unit 4: Scope of patent rights, licensing, and technology transfer
• Unit 5: New developments in IPR, including software and biological-systems patents

Industry Internship

(mandatory, 8 weeks, summer) — the PDF records only the 2-0-0 credit line for this mandatory internship in III Year II Semester; there is no unit-wise syllabus, since the content is on-the-job training defined by the host organization rather than classroom topics.

JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical III Year I Semester (3-1) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 15-0-10, 23 credits.

Also offered as optional add-ons outside the core total: a Minor Course from the specialization-minors pool (3-0-3, 4.5 credits), a Minor Course via SWAYAM/NPTEL (3-0-0, 3 credits), and two Honors Courses from the honors pool (3-0-0, 3 credits each). These minor/honors slots are drawn from a separate elective pool spanning many possible named subjects rather than one fixed syllabus, so they are not expanded subject-by-subject here.

Professional Elective-I options:

Design for Manufacturing · Conventional and Futuristic Vehicle Technology · Renewable Energy Technologies · Non-Destructive Evaluation

Open Elective-I options:

Sustainable Energy Technologies · Applied Operations Research · Nano Technology · Thermal Management of Electronic Systems · Entrepreneurship

Machine Tools and Metrology

covers how material-removal machines actually cut metal and how precision measurement verifies the result, pairing the two halves of workshop practice that every production engineer needs.

• Unit 1: Metal-cutting theory — tool nomenclature, orthogonal/oblique cutting, Merchant’s force diagram, Taylor’s tool-life equation, and tool wear
• Unit 2: Lathe construction, operations, and taper/thread cutting; shaping, slotting, and planing machine principles
• Unit 3: Drilling, boring, and milling machine principles, operations, and machining-time calculations
• Unit 4: Grinding, lapping, honing, and broaching; limits and fits, gauge design, and linear measurement instruments
• Unit 5: Angular measurement (sine bar, bevel protractor) and surface-roughness and optical measuring instruments (toolmaker’s microscope, autocollimator)

Thermal Engineering

extends first-year thermodynamics into the real machines that convert heat into work, covering engines, turbines, and compressors that mechanical engineers design and analyse professionally.

• Unit 1: Air-standard cycles (Otto, Diesel, dual, Brayton) and their comparison against actual engine cycles
• Unit 2: IC engine classification, systems, and performance; boiler principles, mountings, and draught
• Unit 3: Steam nozzles, impulse and reaction steam turbines, and steam condensers
• Unit 4: Reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial-flow compressors, plus gas turbine cycles
• Unit 5: Jet propulsion, rocket propellants, and an introduction to solar engineering

Design of Machine Elements

teaches the calculation-driven design of individual machine components under static and fatigue loading, the direct follow-on from Mechanics of Solids.

• Unit 1: Design for static loads (theories of failure) and dynamic/fatigue loads (Soderberg, Goodman criteria)
• Unit 2: Design of bolted joints (preload, torque) and welded joints under bending and torsion
• Unit 3: Design of power-transmission shafts and couplings (flange, bushed-pin, universal)
• Unit 4: Design of friction clutches, brakes, and helical/leaf springs
• Unit 5: Design of sliding and rolling-contact bearings, and spur gear design via the Lewis equation

Design for Manufacturing

(Professional Elective-I) — teaches engineers to design parts that are cheaper and easier to actually produce and assemble, rather than optimizing geometry in isolation from manufacturing reality.

• Unit 1: DFMA fundamentals and design-for-manual-assembly guidelines
• Unit 2: Design rules for machining ease, tolerances, and surface finish
• Unit 3: Design considerations for metal casting, extrusion, and sheet-metal work
• Unit 4: Design guidelines for welded and forged joints
• Unit 5: Design for assembly automation and design for additive manufacturing

Conventional and Futuristic Vehicle Technology

(Professional Elective-I) — surveys where automotive powertrains are headed, from advanced combustion in conventional engines through to hybrid, electric, and fuel-cell propulsion.

• Unit 1: Advanced engine technologies — direct injection, variable compression, turbocharging, and engine management systems
• Unit 2: Advanced combustion technologies including HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI concepts
• Unit 3: Low-carbon fuel technology — alcohol, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen fuels
• Unit 4: Hybrid and battery-electric vehicle configurations and their challenges
• Unit 5: Fuel-cell technology for automotive applications, including hydrogen storage

Renewable Energy Technologies

(Professional Elective-I) — surveys non-fossil energy conversion routes so mechanical engineers understand the systems increasingly displacing conventional thermal power.

• Unit 1: Solar radiation fundamentals and PV module/system design
• Unit 2: Battery storage for PV systems
• Unit 3: Solar collectors and thermal-energy storage/applications
• Unit 4: Wind energy fundamentals and biomass conversion
• Unit 5: Geothermal energy, ocean energy, and fuel cells

Non-Destructive Evaluation

(Professional Elective-I) — covers how engineers inspect components for flaws without damaging them, a critical quality-assurance skill in aerospace, pressure-vessel, and welded-construction industries.

• Unit 1: NDE applications across industries, and radiographic testing principles
• Unit 2: Ultrasonic testing — wave propagation, transducers, and interpretation
• Unit 3: Liquid penetrant testing and eddy current testing
• Unit 4: Magnetic particle testing — magnetization, procedure, and standardization
• Unit 5: Infrared and thermal testing techniques

Sustainable Energy Technologies

(Open Elective-I) — covers the same renewable-energy conversion landscape as a standalone open elective, aimed at students from any branch wanting a systems-level view of clean energy.

• Unit 1: Solar radiation and PV module/system design
• Unit 2: Battery storage in PV systems
• Unit 3: Solar collectors and thermal storage/applications
• Unit 4: Wind energy and biomass conversion
• Unit 5: Geothermal energy, ocean energy, and fuel cells

Applied Operations Research

(Open Elective-I) — introduces the quantitative optimization toolkit used to schedule, allocate, and plan resources in engineering and business operations.

• Unit 1: Linear programming — formulation, graphical and simplex methods, and duality
• Unit 2: Transportation and assignment problems, and job-sequencing problems
• Unit 3: Replacement theory and game theory
• Unit 4: Queuing theory and project management (PERT/CPM)
• Unit 5: Dynamic programming and simulation

Nano Technology

(Open Elective-I) — introduces materials engineered at the nanoscale, covering how their unique properties arise and how they’re synthesized, characterized, and applied.

• Unit 1: Classification of nanostructured materials and their applications
• Unit 2: Unique mechanical, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties at the nanoscale
• Unit 3: Synthesis routes — bottom-up (CVD, sol-gel) and top-down (mechanical alloying, nanolithography) approaches
• Unit 4: Characterization tools — XRD, SEM, TEM, AFM, STM
• Unit 5: Applications across electronics, sensors, medicine, textiles, and energy

Thermal Management of Electronic Systems

(Open Elective-I) — applies heat-transfer principles to the specific problem of keeping electronic components cool, an increasingly important cross-over skill between mechanical and electronics engineering.

• Unit 1: Conduction fundamentals and fin design for heat dissipation
• Unit 2: Forced and free convection, and radiation heat transfer in electronic enclosures
• Unit 3: PCB and chip-package cooling, air cooling, and single-phase liquid cooling
• Unit 4: Two-phase cooling, pool boiling, and heat pipes
• Unit 5: Thermoelectric coolers, phase-change materials, heat sinks, and micro-channel cooling

Entrepreneurship

(Open Elective-I) — gives engineering students the business-formation vocabulary to evaluate and potentially launch a venture, positioned as an alternative to a purely technical open elective.

• Unit 1: Entrepreneurial competence — personality traits and skills of successful entrepreneurs
• Unit 2: The entrepreneurial environment — business climate and support organizations
• Unit 3: Industrial policies and regulations, including international business
• Unit 4: Business plan preparation — feasibility studies, project profiles, and capital budgeting
• Unit 5: Launching and managing a small business, including incubation and venture capital

Thermal Engineering Lab

hands-on testing of engines, fuels, and compressors that verifies the thermodynamic and combustion theory taught in the lecture course.

• Engine timing-diagram determination and fuel-property tests (flash/fire point, viscosity)
• Engine performance testing: Morse test, heat-balance test, and load testing on petrol/diesel engines
• Compressor performance testing and boiler/solar-PV installation demonstrations

Theory of Machines Lab

practical verification of the kinematics, vibration, and balancing theory covered in the Theory of Machines lecture course.

• Gyroscope motion, governor characteristics, and flywheel moment-of-inertia experiments
• Damped and undamped free/forced vibration frequency determination
• Cam-follower displacement plotting, slider-crank kinematics, and gear-type demonstrations

Machine Tools and Metrology Lab

combines hands-on machine-tool operation with dimensional inspection practice, directly reinforcing the paired lecture course.

• Machine tools section: lathe, drilling, shaping, slotting, and milling operations including gear indexing
• Metrology section: calibration of verniers/micrometers, machine-tool alignment tests, and thread/surface-roughness inspection

Tinkering Lab

a hands-on prototyping course meant to build maker-space fluency (electronics, Arduino, 3D printing) alongside formal coursework.

• Basic electronics and circuit-building exercises (breadboard circuits, traffic-light and street-light simulations)
• Arduino/ESP32 microcontroller exercises — LED control, sensor interfacing, and mobile-app control
• 3D-design and design-thinking exercises, including printing a walking robot and redesigning a motorbike

Community Service Internship

(evaluation credit) — the PDF lists only the credit line for evaluating this internship in III Year I Semester; it carries no unit-wise syllabus of its own, since the internship content is fieldwork defined by the community placement rather than classroom topics.

JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical II Year II Semester (2-2) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 15-1-10, 21 credits.

Also mandatory: a Community Service Project Internship of 8 weeks during the summer vacation — the source PDF lists this as a mandatory fieldwork requirement without any unit-wise syllabus, so there is nothing further to summarise here.

Industrial Management

introduces the management-science side of running a factory, from layout and productivity through to the financial and HR decisions a working engineer eventually has to weigh in on.

• Unit 1: Industrial engineering fundamentals, scientific management principles (Taylor, Fayol), plant layout types, and plant maintenance strategy
• Unit 2: Work study — method study, time study, work sampling, motion-time systems, and ergonomics principles
• Unit 3: Statistical quality control (control charts, sampling inspection) and total quality management, including Six Sigma basics
• Unit 4: Financial management — sources of finance, ratio analysis, working-capital management, and capital-budgeting techniques (NPV, IRR, payback period)
• Unit 5: Human resource management, job evaluation and wage incentives, and value engineering/supply-chain concepts

Complex Variables, Probability and Statistics

extends the maths sequence into complex analysis and statistical inference, both of which show up later in vibration analysis, signal processing, and quality-control coursework.

• Unit 1: Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, and complex integration via Cauchy’s integral theorems
• Unit 2: Taylor/Laurent series expansions, types of singularities, and the residue theorem for evaluating real integrals
• Unit 3: Probability review, random variables, and standard distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Normal)
• Unit 4: Sampling theory, the central limit theorem, and t/chi-square/F-distributions for point and interval estimation
• Unit 5: Hypothesis testing — null/alternative hypotheses, Type I/II errors, and one- and two-sample tests

Manufacturing Processes

surveys the major ways raw material becomes a finished mechanical part, giving students a working vocabulary across casting, joining, forming, and additive routes before they specialise later.

• Unit 1: Metal casting — pattern making, moulding, gating/risers, furnace types, solidification defects, and special processes like die and investment casting
• Unit 2: Welding processes (gas, arc, resistance, friction, laser, electron-beam) and their defects, plus soldering and brazing
• Unit 3: Bulk deformation processing — hot/cold working, forging, rolling, and extrusion/wire-drawing
• Unit 4: Sheet-metal forming (blanking, deep drawing, bending) and high-energy-rate forming methods
• Unit 5: Additive manufacturing — process classification, materials, and post-processing of AM parts

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines

covers how fluids behave at rest and in motion and how that behaviour is harnessed in pumps and turbines, a prerequisite for thermal and hydraulic system design later on.

• Unit 1: Fluid statics — pressure measurement, manometry, and buoyancy/stability of floating bodies
• Unit 2: Fluid kinematics and dynamics — continuity, Euler’s and Bernoulli’s equations, and pipe-flow losses
• Unit 3: Boundary layer theory and dimensional analysis via the Buckingham Pi theorem
• Unit 4: Turbomachinery basics — force of jets on vanes, and impulse/reaction turbines (Pelton, Francis, Kaplan)
• Unit 5: Turbine and pump performance — unit/specific quantities, cavitation, and centrifugal/reciprocating pump characteristics

Theory of Machines

the kinematics and dynamics course behind every mechanism, gear train, and rotating assembly a mechanical engineer will later design or troubleshoot.

• Unit 1: Mechanism classification, degrees of freedom, Grashof’s law, and common mechanisms like quick-return and straight-line linkages
• Unit 2: Displacement, velocity, and acceleration analysis of mechanisms, including instantaneous centres and Coriolis acceleration
• Unit 3: Gyroscopic effects in vehicles and aircraft, plus gear profile theory (involute/cycloidal) and gear trains
• Unit 4: Balancing of rotating masses and cam/follower design (displacement diagrams, pressure angle, undercutting)
• Unit 5: Free and forced vibration of single-degree-of-freedom systems, plus turning-moment diagrams and flywheel design

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines Lab

puts the turbomachinery and flow-measurement theory from the lecture course into practice on real pumps, turbines, and metering devices.

• Turbine and pump performance testing: Pelton wheel, Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, single- and multi-stage centrifugal pumps, and reciprocating pumps
• Flow-measurement calibration: venturimeter, orifice meter, and pipe friction-factor determination
• Additional exercises: impact-of-jet-on-vanes testing and turbine flow-meter measurement

Manufacturing Processes Lab

hands-on casting, welding, and forming practice that mirrors the process theory covered in the lecture course.

• Pattern-making and sand-testing exercises: single-piece and split patterns, sieve/clay/moisture/strength/permeability tests, and mould preparation
• Joining exercises: gas cutting, manual metal arc welding, TIG/MIG welding, spot welding, brazing, and soldering
• Forming and additive exercises: injection and blow moulding, sheet-metal operations, deep drawing/extrusion, and 3D-printed parts

Soft Skills

a communication and employability-focused course meant to prepare students for interviews, teamwork, and workplace interpersonal dynamics alongside their technical training.

• Intra-personal and inter-personal skills: SWOT analysis, emotional intelligence, time/stress management, teamwork, negotiation, and leadership
• Verbal skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing (including resumes and statements of purpose)
• Non-verbal and interview skills: body language, dress code, and structured interview technique

Design Thinking & Innovation

introduces a human-centred design process so students learn to frame problems and prototype solutions, not just apply existing formulas.

• Unit 1: Design fundamentals and the history of design thinking as a discipline
• Unit 2: The design thinking process — empathise, analyse, ideate, prototype — applied to social innovation
• Unit 3: Innovation versus creativity, and building teams that sustain innovation
• Unit 4: Product design — problem framing, product strategy, and specification-writing
• Unit 5: Applying design thinking to business strategy, startups, and business-model testing

JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical II Year I Semester (2-1) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 15-2-10, 20 credits

Numerical Methods and Transform Techniques

builds the applied-maths toolkit mechanical engineers lean on for approximating solutions that don’t have a clean closed form, from root-finding through to signal analysis.

• Unit 1: Iterative methods for algebraic and transcendental equations (bisection, secant, false position, iteration, Newton-Raphson), plus interpolation using Newton’s forward/backward formulae and Lagrange’s method
• Unit 2: Numerical integration (trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rules) and solving initial-value ODEs via Taylor series, Picard’s method, and related step methods
• Unit 3: Laplace transforms, standard transform pairs, the Dirac delta function, inverse Laplace transforms, the convolution theorem, and their use in solving ODEs and integro-differential equations
• Unit 4: Fourier series of periodic functions, Dirichlet’s conditions, even/odd functions, change of interval, and half-range sine/cosine series
• Unit 5: Fourier transforms — the Fourier integral theorem, sine/cosine integrals, properties, inverse transforms, the convolution theorem, and finite Fourier transforms

Universal Human Values – Understanding Harmony & Ethical Human Conduct

a values-and-ethics course (AICTE’s UHV-II model) that asks students to examine what a genuinely fulfilling life and a responsible professional practice actually require, beyond technical competence.

• Unit 1: Course orientation and self-exploration — distinguishing natural acceptance from social conditioning, and the basic aspiration toward continuous happiness and prosperity
• Unit 2: Harmony within the individual — the relationship between the self and the body, and what self-regulation and health actually mean
• Unit 3: Harmony in family and society — trust and respect as foundational relational values, and a vision for a harmonious social order
• Unit 4: Harmony with nature — interconnectedness across the mineral, plant, animal, and human orders of existence
• Unit 5: Putting the holistic understanding into practice — implications for ethical professional conduct, humanistic education, and institutional/management models

Thermodynamics

covers the laws governing energy conversion between heat and work, giving mechanical engineers the vocabulary and property relationships behind every engine, refrigerator, and power cycle they’ll later design.

• Unit 1: Basic concepts — systems, boundaries, thermodynamic equilibrium, state, process, and reversibility versus irreversibility
• Unit 2: Zeroth and First Laws of Thermodynamics, work and heat as path functions, enthalpy, and heat engine/heat pump performance parameters
• Unit 3: Second Law of Thermodynamics (Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements), Carnot’s principle, entropy, availability, and Gibbs/Helmholtz functions
• Unit 4: Properties of pure substances — P-V-T surfaces, T-S and h-s diagrams, Mollier charts, and phase-change behaviour
• Unit 5: Refrigeration and air-conditioning fundamentals — vapour compression cycles, COP, psychrometric properties, and human-comfort load calculations

Mechanics of Solids

the core strength-of-materials course that teaches how loaded components deform and fail, the foundation for every later design and machine-elements subject.

• Unit 1: Simple stresses and strains, Hooke’s law, composite bars, complex/biaxial stress states, Mohr’s circle, and strain energy under different loading types
• Unit 2: Shear force and bending moment diagrams for cantilever, simply-supported, and overhanging beams under various load types
• Unit 3: Flexural and shear stress theory — the bending equation, section modulus, and shear stress distribution across common cross-sections
• Unit 4: Beam deflection (double integration, Macaulay’s method, Mohr’s theorem) and torsion of circular shafts
• Unit 5: Thin and thick cylinders/spheres under pressure, and column buckling via Euler’s and Rankine’s formulae

Material Science and Metallurgy

explains why metals and alloys behave the way they do at a microstructural level, so students can later choose and process the right material for a given mechanical application.

• Unit 1: Crystal structures and packing, grain boundaries and imperfections, alloying theory, and equilibrium/phase diagrams including Cu-Ni and Fe-Fe3C
• Unit 2: Ferrous alloys (cast irons, plain-carbon and alloy steels) and non-ferrous alloys (copper, aluminium, titanium, magnesium, superalloys)
• Unit 3: Heat treatment of steels — annealing, normalizing, hardening, TTT diagrams, tempering, hardenability, and surface-hardening methods
• Unit 4: Powder metallurgy — powder production, compaction, sintering, and applications of sintered products
• Unit 5: Ceramics, composites (PMC/MMC/CMC), and an introduction to nanomaterials and smart materials

Mechanics of Solids and Materials Science Lab

pairs mechanical-testing practice with microstructure observation so theory from the two lecture courses gets verified on real specimens.

• Mechanics of Solids section: tensile, bending, torsion, hardness (Brinell/Rockwell/Vickers), spring, impact (Charpy/Izod), punch shear, and liquid-penetrant tests
• Materials Science section: microstructure preparation and study of pure metals, plain-carbon steels, cast irons, non-ferrous alloys, heat-treated steels, and Jominy end-quench hardenability testing

Computer-Aided Machine Drawing

moves students from manual drafting conventions into CAD, covering how joints, couplings, and assemblies are represented and toleranced in a professional drawing.

• 2D CAD exercises: thread profiles, bolted/riveted/welded joint conventions, keys, and rigid/flexible couplings
• 3D CAD exercises: solid modelling and sectional views of machine parts, plus assembly drawings such as tool posts, tailstocks, gate valves, and screw jacks
• Production drawing: translating 3D assemblies into 2D manufacturing drawings with dimensional and geometric tolerances

Python Programming Lab

a hands-on introduction to Python meant to give mechanical students a general-purpose scripting and data-handling skill they can apply to engineering computation, not just software electives.

• Core language exercises: syntax, control structures, functions/modules, lists/tuples, dictionaries/sets, string handling, and file I/O
• Applied exercises: exception handling, object-oriented programming, and using third-party libraries and packages
• Data-focused exercises: data manipulation and visualization with Pandas/Matplotlib, plus basic web-scraping, API, and database (SQLite) interaction

Embedded Systems and IoT

introduces microcontroller interfacing and internet-connected sensing, the building blocks behind smart manufacturing and mechatronic systems covered later in the programme.

• Embedded systems experiments: sensor signal acquisition, PWM generation, serial/SPI communication, and stepper-motor and accelerometer interfacing using Arduino
• IoT experiments: Raspberry Pi setup and Python-based development, distance/LED interfacing, public API/SDK interaction, and Zigbee protocol basics

Environmental Science

a mandatory audit course covering ecological literacy and environmental law, meant to instil awareness of the sustainability trade-offs engineers create.

• Unit 1: Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and the use/over-exploitation of forest, water, mineral, and food resources
• Unit 2: Ecosystem structure and function, food chains/webs, and biodiversity conservation
• Unit 3: Causes and control of air, water, soil, marine, noise, and thermal pollution, plus solid-waste and disaster management
• Unit 4: Sustainable development, water conservation, environmental legislation (Environment Protection Act, Water Act, Air Act, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act)
• Unit 5: Population growth, human health, and the role of information technology and value education in environmental welfare

JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical IV Year II Semester (4-2) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 12 credits.

IV Year II Semester in the R23 Mechanical Engineering structure consists entirely of a full-semester internship and project work — there are no theory subjects, electives, or a unit-wise syllabus for this semester in the source PDF; the credit is earned through the internship/project placement itself.

JNTUK R23 B.Tech Mechanical IV Year I Semester (4-1) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Total: 18-0-6, 21 credits.

Professional Elective-IV options:

Mechatronics · Computational Fluid Dynamics · Functional Materials and Applications · Drives and Actuators for Robotics

Professional Elective-V options:

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology · Smart Manufacturing · Autonomous Systems · Embedded Systems and Programming

Open Elective-III options:

Finite Element Methods · Introduction to Mechatronics · Product Design and Development · Advanced Materials · Introduction to Smart Manufacturing

Open Elective-IV options:

Optimization Techniques · Advanced Manufacturing Processes · Total Quality Management · Operations Management · Energy Auditing · Quantum Science and Technology

CAD/CAM

covers computer-aided design and manufacturing together, from geometric modelling through to CNC part programming and computer-integrated manufacturing systems.

• Unit 1: CAD fundamentals and computer graphics — coordinate systems, transformations, and projections
• Unit 2: Wireframe, surface, and solid modelling, plus curve representation (Bezier, cubic splines)
• Unit 3: NC/CNC part programming fundamentals, manual and APT-based programming, and adaptive control
• Unit 4: Group technology — part coding/classification systems — and flexible manufacturing systems
• Unit 5: Computer-integrated manufacturing systems, MRP/ERP, and computer-aided process planning

Operations Research

(Management Course-II) — a condensed version of the applied-optimization syllabus taught earlier as an open elective, positioned here as a required management course for all students.

• Unit 1: Linear programming — formulation, simplex method, and duality
• Unit 2: Transportation, assignment, and sequencing problems
• Unit 3: Replacement theory and game theory
• Unit 4: Queuing theory and inventory control (including ABC/VED analysis)
• Unit 5: Dynamic programming and simulation

CAD/CAM Lab

hands-on FEA, CNC programming, and rapid-prototyping practice that ties together the CAD/CAM lecture course with real tools used in industry.

• FEA experiments: stress, deflection, natural frequency, harmonic response, heat-transfer, and buckling analysis on 2D/3D components
• CNC programming: manual part programs for turning and milling operations, plus automated toolpath/G-code generation using CAM packages
• Rapid prototyping: demonstration of RP machines and virtual 3D-printing simulation

Mechatronics

(Professional Elective-IV) — integrates mechanical, electronic, and control-system knowledge into a single systems view, reflecting how modern machines combine sensing, actuation, and computation.

• Unit 1: Mechatronic system elements, measurement/control systems, and sensor types
• Unit 2: Solid-state electronic devices and analog signal conditioning
• Unit 3: Hydraulic and pneumatic actuating systems, plus mechanical/electrical actuation
• Unit 4: Digital electronics, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and PLCs
• Unit 5: System interfacing, data acquisition, and digital signal processing

Computational Fluid Dynamics

(Professional Elective-IV) — teaches the numerical methods behind simulating fluid flow and heat transfer, an increasingly essential design-verification tool for mechanical engineers.

• Unit 1: Conservation principles (Navier-Stokes equations) and applied numerical methods (TDMA)
• Unit 2: Finite difference applications in heat conduction and convection
• Unit 3: Discretization, consistency, and stability of explicit/implicit methods
• Unit 4: Wave-equation stability and the finite volume method
• Unit 5: Finite element method formulation for 1D and 2D fluid-flow/heat-transfer problems

Functional Materials and Applications

(Professional Elective-IV) — bridges materials science with electronics, covering the physics behind semiconductors and nanoscale devices that mechanical engineers increasingly need to understand.

• Unit 1: Crystallography — crystal structures, defects, and plastic deformation
• Unit 2: Electrical and magnetic properties of materials, including quantum free-electron theory
• Unit 3: Semiconductor physics and carrier transport phenomena
• Unit 4: Optical properties of materials and optoelectronic devices
• Unit 5: Nanoelectronic materials — quantum confinement, photonic crystals, and spintronics

Drives and Actuators for Robotics

(Professional Elective-IV) — covers the power-electronics and motor-drive technology that actuates robots and automated machinery.

• Unit 1: Power semiconductor switching devices — BJT, SCR, TRIAC, MOSFET, IGBT
• Unit 2: Electric drive characteristics and motor-load dynamics
• Unit 3: DC motors and drives, including PMDC/BLDC motors and H-bridge control
• Unit 4: AC induction motor drives and speed-control methods
• Unit 5: Stepper and servo motor construction, operation, and applications

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology

(Professional Elective-V) — covers hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel-cell systems, both central to decarbonizing transport and power generation.

• Unit 1: Hydrogen as a fuel and the infrastructure for its production, storage, and use
• Unit 2: Hydrogen production processes — thermal, electrochemical, and biological methods
• Unit 3: Hydrogen storage technologies — compressed, cryogenic, and metal-hydride storage
• Unit 4: Hydrogen utilization in engines, turbines, and power plants
• Unit 5: Fuel cell types, thermodynamics, and performance versus batteries

Smart Manufacturing

(Professional Elective-V) — introduces Industry 4.0 concepts, covering how cyber-physical systems, digital twins, and IoT connectivity are transforming factory operations.

• Unit 1: Smart manufacturing concepts, Industry 4.0/5.0, and minimizing manufacturing losses
• Unit 2: Smart machines and smart sensors in IIoT environments
• Unit 3: Cyber-physical system architecture — the 5C model
• Unit 4: Digital twin technology and AI/ML applications for predictive maintenance
• Unit 5: IoT connectivity protocols for Industry 4.0

Autonomous Systems

(Professional Elective-V) — covers the architecture and control of unmanned ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles, an increasingly important robotics specialization.

• Unit 1: Intelligent agents and multi-agent systems
• Unit 2: Architecture and autonomy levels of AGVs, AUVs, and drones
• Unit 3: Modelling and control of unmanned ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles
• Unit 4: Sensors, actuators, and sensor fusion for autonomous systems
• Unit 5: Aerial robot flight concepts, control, and motion planning

Embedded Systems and Programming

(Professional Elective-IV) — extends the embedded-systems introduction from earlier semesters into microcontroller architecture, ARM processors, and single-board computer programming.

• Unit 1: Microcontroller fundamentals — 8051 architecture, memory organization, and instruction sets
• Unit 2: Assembly and embedded C programming, plus serial/I2C/SPI/CAN communication
• Unit 3: Peripheral interfacing — displays, sensors, motors, and PWM control
• Unit 4: ARM7 processor architecture and instruction sets
• Unit 5: System-on-chip architecture and Python programming on single-board computers

Finite Element Methods

(Open Elective-III) — the same numerical-analysis syllabus taught as a professional core subject in III Year II Semester, offered here as an open elective for other branches.

• Unit 1: FEM fundamentals and variational methods
• Unit 2: Weighted residual methods and 1D problems
• Unit 3: Bar element formulation and mesh generation
• Unit 4: 2D finite element modelling with constant-strain triangles
• Unit 5: Higher-order and isoparametric elements

Introduction to Mechatronics

(Open Elective-III) — the same mechatronic-systems syllabus as the Professional Elective-IV “Mechatronics” course, offered here as an open elective.

• Unit 1: Mechatronic system elements and sensor types
• Unit 2: Solid-state electronic devices and signal conditioning
• Unit 3: Hydraulic and pneumatic actuating systems
• Unit 4: Digital electronics, microcontrollers, and PLCs
• Unit 5: System interfacing and data acquisition

Product Design and Development

(Open Elective-III) — covers the end-to-end industrial process of taking a product from concept to production, including the documentation and quality frameworks used in manufacturing industries.

• Unit 1: Engineering-drawing fundamentals, BOM structure, and project-monitoring tools (Gantt charts, QFD)
• Unit 2: Material specification standards, manufacturing process selection, and DFMEA/PFMEA
• Unit 3: RFQ processing, tool design, and initial sample submission (PPAP)
• Unit 4: New-product qualification testing and risk analysis
• Unit 5: PPAP/APQP reporting, prototyping, reverse engineering, and concurrent engineering

Advanced Materials

(Open Elective-III) — surveys high-performance and emerging materials beyond conventional metals, relevant to aerospace, energy, and nanotechnology applications.

• Unit 1: Advanced metals and alloys for extreme environments, and metallic foams
• Unit 2: Ceramic processing and applications
• Unit 3: Composite materials and fibre reinforcements
• Unit 4: Shape memory alloys and functionally graded materials
• Unit 5: Nanomaterials — properties, advantages, and limitations versus bulk materials

Introduction to Smart Manufacturing

(Open Elective-III) — the same Industry 4.0 syllabus as the Professional Elective-V “Smart Manufacturing” course, offered here as an open elective, with added focus on predictive maintenance.

• Unit 1: Smart manufacturing concepts and Industry 4.0 fundamentals
• Unit 2: Smart machines and smart sensors
• Unit 3: Cyber-physical system architecture (5C model)
• Unit 4: Digital twins, machine learning, and predictive maintenance
• Unit 5: IoT connectivity protocols for Industry 4.0

Optimization Techniques

(Open Elective-IV) — covers classical and modern mathematical optimization methods used to solve engineering design and resource-allocation problems.

• Unit 1: Optimization problem classification and classical single/multivariable techniques
• Unit 2: Unconstrained optimization — pattern search, Rosenbrock’s method, and steepest descent
• Unit 3: Constrained optimization via penalty function methods
• Unit 4: Geometric programming — unconstrained and constrained formulations
• Unit 5: Integer and zero-one programming, including Gomory’s cutting-plane method

Advanced Manufacturing Processes

(Open Elective-IV) — a variant of the Professional Elective-II “Advanced Manufacturing Processes” course, covering coating, ceramics/composites, microelectronics fabrication, nanomanufacturing, and rapid prototyping.

• Unit 1: Surface coating techniques — CVD, PVD, thermal spraying, ion implantation
• Unit 2: Processing of ceramics and composites
• Unit 3: Fabrication of microelectronic devices, including PCB design
• Unit 4: Nanomanufacturing techniques — nanotubes, nanowires, and lithography
• Unit 5: Rapid prototyping methods and rapid tooling

Total Quality Management

(Open Elective-IV) — covers the philosophy and tools of organization-wide quality management, including ISO certification, relevant to engineers moving into quality or production roles.

• Unit 1: TQM fundamentals, process quality, and statistical quality control
• Unit 2: Customer focus, satisfaction, and benchmarking
• Unit 3: Organizing for TQM, quality circles, and productivity/reengineering
• Unit 4: Cost of quality — definition, measurement, and management
• Unit 5: ISO 9000 standards and the certification process

Operations Management

(Open Elective-IV) — covers production planning, scheduling, inventory, and quality-management techniques used to run manufacturing operations efficiently.

• Unit 1: Forecasting, production system types, and aggregate planning
• Unit 2: Scheduling policies and materials management (ABC/VED analysis)
• Unit 3: Inventory control models, MRP, and Lean/JIT/ERP concepts
• Unit 4: Quality management — Taguchi, Juran, and Deming approaches, and Six Sigma
• Unit 5: Optimization via linear programming, transportation, and assignment models

Energy Auditing

(Open Elective-IV) — teaches how to assess and improve energy efficiency in industrial plants, a practical skill given rising energy costs and sustainability mandates.

• Unit 1: Energy scenario, energy auditing methodology, and the role of energy managers
• Unit 2: Electrical supply systems — tariff structures, demand-side management, and power factor
• Unit 3: Energy conservation in thermal utilities — boilers, furnaces, and waste-heat recovery
• Unit 4: Energy conservation in electrical utilities — motors, pumps, compressors, and HVAC
• Unit 5: Energy monitoring, targeting, labelling, and economic evaluation

Quantum Science and Technology

(Open Elective-IV) — introduces quantum mechanics, computing, and communication fundamentals, an emerging cross-disciplinary area increasingly offered to engineering students.

• Unit 1: Fundamentals of quantum mechanics — the Schrödinger equation, operators, and the uncertainty principle
• Unit 2: Quantum information theory — qubits, entanglement, and quantum gates
• Unit 3: Quantum computing — Grover’s and Shor’s algorithms, and quantum error correction
• Unit 4: Quantum communication — quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation
• Unit 5: Quantum technologies — sensors, metrology, and hardware platforms

Mechatronics Lab

hands-on transducer, PLC, and hydraulic/pneumatic circuit-simulation practice that complements the Mechatronics lecture course.

• Transducer characterization: LVDT, strain gauge, summing amplifier, and reflective opto-transducer experiments
• PLC programming: ladder logic for timers/counters, sensor interfacing, and simulated systems like traffic lights and conveyor belts
• Automation Studio and MATLAB/SIMULINK: hydraulic/pneumatic circuit design and PID controller simulation

Constitution of India

a mandatory audit course covering the structure of Indian government and citizens’ rights, standard across Indian engineering curricula regardless of branch.

• Unit 1: Introduction to the Indian Constitution — sources, features, fundamental rights and duties
• Unit 2: Union government structure — federalism, the President, Parliament, and the judiciary
• Unit 3: State government structure — the Governor, Chief Minister, and state secretariat
• Unit 4: Local administration and Panchayati Raj institutions
• Unit 5: The Election Commission and constitutional welfare bodies

Evaluation of Industry Internship

(2 credits) — the PDF records only the credit line for evaluating the industry internship in IV Year I Semester; there is no separate unit-wise syllabus, as the content is the internship placement itself.