JNTUK R23 B.Tech EEE IV Year I Semester (4-1) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Power System Operation and Control

covers how power systems are operated economically and kept stable in real time: economic dispatch, unit commitment, load-frequency control and reactive power compensation.

• Unit 1: Economic operation of power systems — incremental fuel cost and optimal generation allocation
• Unit 2: Hydrothermal scheduling and the unit commitment problem
• Unit 3: Load frequency control for a single-area system
• Unit 4: Load frequency control for a two-area system
• Unit 5: Reactive power compensation and an introduction to FACTS devices

Energy Management & Auditing

extends energy-auditing concepts into demand-side management and lifecycle-cost economics that utilities and industries use to plan energy-efficiency programs.

• Unit 1: Basic principles and types of energy audits
• Unit 2: Energy management principles and the energy manager’s role
• Unit 3: Energy-efficient motors and lighting system design
• Unit 4: Demand-side management techniques and energy measurement instruments
• Unit 5: Economic analysis of energy investments — payback, NPV and life-cycle costing

Professional Elective-IV: EHVAC & HVDC Transmission Systems

covers extra-high-voltage AC and HVDC transmission technology, from corona and electrostatic field effects to converter control and harmonic filtering, used for bulk long-distance power transfer.

• Unit 1: EHV AC transmission fundamentals — electrostatics and voltage gradients on bundled conductors
• Unit 2: Corona effects — power loss, audible noise and radio interference
• Unit 3: Basic concepts, economics and equipment of HVDC transmission
• Unit 4: HVDC converter analysis (6-pulse/12-pulse Graetz circuits) and DC link control
• Unit 5: Harmonics in HVDC systems and AC filter design

Professional Elective-IV: Programmable Logic Controllers

introduces PLC hardware, ladder-logic programming and industrial control functions used to automate electrical and process control systems.

• Unit 1: PLC system components and ladder diagram basics
• Unit 2: PLC programming — input/output instructions and ladder logic construction
• Unit 3: Timer, counter and register functions
• Unit 4: Data handling functions and robot/sequence control
• Unit 5: Analog PLC operation and PID control modules

Professional Elective-IV: Electrical Distribution System

covers how distribution networks are modelled, designed and protected, and how voltage and power factor are managed at the point closest to the end consumer.

• Unit 1: Distribution system losses and load characteristics
• Unit 2: Substation location and distribution feeder design
• Unit 3: Voltage drop and power loss calculations for distribution lines
• Unit 4: Distribution system protection and coordination
• Unit 5: Power factor compensation and voltage control on distribution feeders

Professional Elective-V: Electric Vehicles

covers the architecture, motors, power electronics and energy storage systems that make up modern hybrid and electric vehicles.

• Unit 1: Introduction to electric and hybrid vehicle fundamentals
• Unit 2: HEV architectures — series, parallel, complex and plug-in hybrids
• Unit 3: Special motors used in EVs and HEVs
• Unit 4: Power electronic converters used in HEVs
• Unit 5: Energy storage sources for HEVs — batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors

Professional Elective-V: Switched Mode Power Conversion

dives deeper into switch-mode converter topologies, resonant conversion and controller design for the power supplies used in modern electronic and electric-vehicle systems.

• Unit 1: Non-isolated switch-mode converters — buck, boost, buck-boost and Cuk converters
• Unit 2: Isolated switched-mode converters — forward, flyback, push-pull and bridge converters
• Unit 3: Resonant converters and zero-voltage/zero-current switching
• Unit 4: Control schemes for converters and magnetic component design
• Unit 5: Converter modelling and controller design based on linearization

Professional Elective-V: Design of PV Systems

covers the practical engineering of solar photovoltaic systems, from solar radiation basics through PV component selection to system sizing, installation and maintenance.

• Unit 1: Solar energy basics — solar geometry and radiation measurement
• Unit 2: Solar PV cell technologies, I-V characteristics and MPPT techniques
• Unit 3: PV module and balance-of-system components
• Unit 4: PV system design — load estimation, sizing and simulation tools
• Unit 5: PV system installation, operation, maintenance and economic evaluation

Open Elective-III: Battery Management Systems and Charging Stations

covers how battery packs are monitored, balanced and charged safely in electric vehicles, and the charging infrastructure that supports them.

• Unit 1: Battery fundamentals — cell configurations, charging and discharging processes
• Unit 2: Battery Management System functional requirements and sensing
• Unit 3: State-of-charge/state-of-health estimation and cell balancing
• Unit 4: Battery modelling and simulation for EV performance
• Unit 5: Charging infrastructure — domestic, public, fast-charging and battery-swapping stations

Open Elective-III: Concepts of Smart Grid Technologies

introduces how digital metering, automation and communication technologies are transforming the traditional grid into a smart, self-healing and renewable-friendly network.

• Unit 1: Introduction to smart grid concepts and policies
• Unit 2: Smart grid technologies — smart meters, AMR, outage management and vehicle-to-grid
• Unit 3: Smart substations, feeder automation and smart energy storage
• Unit 4: Microgrids and distributed energy resources
• Unit 5: Communication and information technology for smart grids (AMI, HAN, NAN, WAN)

Open Elective-IV: Concepts of Power Quality

covers the disturbances (sags, swells, transients, harmonics) that degrade power quality, and the standards and mitigation techniques used to manage them.

• Unit 1: Power quality terms and classification of voltage quality problems
• Unit 2: Transient over-voltages and protection devices
• Unit 3: Long-duration voltage variations and voltage regulation
• Unit 4: Harmonic distortion, indices and filtering solutions
• Unit 5: Distributed generation’s effect on power quality and PQ monitoring

Open Elective-IV: Quantum Science and Technology

an introductory look at quantum mechanics, quantum computing and quantum communication, an emerging technology area increasingly relevant to electronics and secure communication.

• Unit 1: Fundamentals of quantum mechanics — wave-particle duality and the Schrödinger equation
• Unit 2: Quantum information theory — qubits, superposition, entanglement and quantum gates
• Unit 3: Quantum computing algorithms (Deutsch-Jozsa, Grover’s, Shor’s) and quantum programming
• Unit 4: Quantum communication — quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation
• Unit 5: Quantum technologies and applications — sensors, metrology and hardware platforms

Power Systems Simulation Lab

software-based experiments that let students apply the load-flow, fault-analysis and stability techniques from Power System Analysis and Power System Operation and Control using simulation tools.

• Y-bus and Z-bus formation, and load flow solutions using Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson and Fast Decoupled methods
• Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using Z-bus
• Economic load dispatch, transient stability analysis, and load frequency control of single- and two-area systems

Constitution of India

the source syllabus PDF lists this audit course with its L-T-P-C line only; no unit-wise syllabus content is provided anywhere in the document, so none can be given honestly here.

Evaluation of Industry Internship

listed as a 2-credit internship evaluation component; like the Community Service Internship in III-I, the source PDF gives only the credit line with no unit-wise syllabus, since it is assessed on the student’s actual internship placement rather than classroom content.

JNTUK R23 B.Tech EEE III Year II Semester (3-2) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation

covers the construction and working principles of analog and digital measuring instruments, bridges and transducers used to measure electrical quantities accurately.

• Unit 1: Analog ammeters, voltmeters and instrument transformers
• Unit 2: Wattmeters, power factor meters and potentiometers
• Unit 3: DC and AC bridges for resistance, inductance and capacitance measurement
• Unit 4: Transducers — resistive, inductive, capacitive, LVDT, strain gauges and thermocouples
• Unit 5: Digital meters — DVMs, frequency meters and CRO-based measurements

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

introduces microprocessor and microcontroller architecture and programming, from the 8086 through the 8051 and PIC families, the embedded-computing foundation used in later automation and IoT subjects.

• Unit 1: 8086 microprocessor architecture, memory and register organization
• Unit 2: 8086 instruction set, addressing modes and minimum/maximum mode operation
• Unit 3: I/O interfacing using the 8255 PPI, ADC/DAC and DMA controller
• Unit 4: 8051 microcontroller architecture, instruction set and peripheral interfacing
• Unit 5: PIC18 microcontroller architecture and C programming

Power System Analysis

develops the network modelling and fault-analysis techniques (Ybus/Zbus formation, load flow, symmetrical components) used to plan and operate large power systems reliably.

• Unit 1: Network topology, per-unit representation, and Ybus formation
• Unit 2: Load flow studies using Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson and fast decoupled methods
• Unit 3: Zbus building algorithm and symmetrical fault analysis
• Unit 4: Symmetrical components and unsymmetrical fault analysis
• Unit 5: Power system stability — swing equation and equal area criterion

Professional Elective-II: Switchgear and Protection

covers circuit breakers, protective relays and grounding schemes that detect faults and isolate them before they damage equipment or destabilize the grid.

• Unit 1: Circuit breakers — arc interruption, restriking voltage, and air blast/vacuum/SF6 breakers
• Unit 2: Electromagnetic relays — induction disc/cup relays, and distance and differential relays
• Unit 3: Generator and transformer protection schemes
• Unit 4: Feeder and busbar protection, and static relays
• Unit 5: Over-voltage protection and neutral grounding methods

Professional Elective-II: Advanced Control Systems

extends classical control into state-space and nonlinear methods (controllability, Lyapunov stability, optimal control) for engineers who need to design controllers beyond simple transfer-function techniques.

• Unit 1: Controllability, observability and pole-placement design
• Unit 2: Nonlinear systems — phase-plane analysis and describing functions
• Unit 3: Stability analysis using Lyapunov’s method
• Unit 4: Calculus of variations and constrained minimization
• Unit 5: Optimal control and state regulator problems

Professional Elective-II: Renewable and Distributed Energy Technologies

looks at how wind, solar and small-hydro sources are modelled, controlled and combined into hybrid systems for grid-connected or standalone use.

• Unit 1: Wind energy system fundamentals and site considerations
• Unit 2: Wind power/speed relations and generator control (self-excited and doubly-fed induction generators)
• Unit 3: Solar PV modelling, MPPT techniques and solar park design
• Unit 4: Small hydro and other sources — tidal, geothermal and gas-based generation
• Unit 5: Hybrid renewable energy system design and grid integration

Professional Elective-III: Electric Drives

covers how power electronic converters control the speed and torque of DC, induction and synchronous motors in industrial drive applications.

• Unit 1: Electric drive fundamentals, load torque classification and braking methods
• Unit 2: Converter-fed DC motor drives (three-phase controlled converters and dual converters)
• Unit 3: DC-DC converter-fed DC motor drives across quadrants of operation
• Unit 4: Induction motor drive control — AC voltage regulators, V/f control and slip power recovery
• Unit 5: Synchronous motor drive control, including PMSM operation

Professional Elective-III: Digital Signal Processing

builds discrete-time signal processing skills (DFT/FFT, filter design, multirate processing) essential for anyone working with sampled electrical signals.

• Unit 1: Discrete-time signals and systems, and Z-transform-based analysis
• Unit 2: Discrete Fourier transform and FFT algorithms
• Unit 3: IIR digital filter design and structures
• Unit 4: FIR digital filter design and structures
• Unit 5: Multirate signal processing — decimation, interpolation and filter banks

Professional Elective-III: High Voltage Engineering

explains how insulation breaks down under high-voltage stress and how engineers generate and measure the extreme voltages used to test power equipment.

• Unit 1: Breakdown phenomena in gases and vacuum
• Unit 2: Breakdown phenomena in liquid and solid dielectrics
• Unit 3: Generation of high DC and AC voltages
• Unit 4: Generation of impulse voltages and currents
• Unit 5: Measurement of high DC, AC and impulse voltages and currents

Open Elective-II: Fundamentals of Electric Vehicles

introduces the components, motors and energy storage systems that make up electric and hybrid vehicles, a fast-growing application area for EEE graduates.

• Unit 1: EV fundamentals — vehicle dynamics and the need for electric vehicles
• Unit 2: EV components — traction motors, power converters and inverters
• Unit 3: Motors used in electric vehicles and their comparison
• Unit 4: Hybrid electric vehicle architectures — series, parallel and complex HEVs
• Unit 5: Energy storage — battery types, charging and battery management systems

Open Elective-II: Electrical Wiring Estimation and Costing

covers the practical skills of designing, estimating and costing electrical wiring installations for buildings, small industries and substations.

• Unit 1: Electrical symbols and simple wiring circuits
• Unit 2: Design considerations for electrical installations — distribution, protection and earthing
• Unit 3: Wiring installation and cost estimation for buildings and small industries
• Unit 4: Substation types and quantity estimation
• Unit 5: Motor control circuits and starting methods

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab

bench experiments in calibration, bridge measurements and transducer characterization that complement the Electrical Measurements theory course.

• Wattmeter calibration by phantom loading, and resistance/capacitance/inductance measurement using Kelvin, Schering and Anderson bridges
• CT and PT testing for ratio and phase-angle error
• Characterizing thermocouples, LVDTs, capacitive transducers and strain gauges, plus energy meter and potentiometer calibration

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

assembly-language programming on 8086 and 8051 platforms to reinforce microprocessor architecture and interfacing concepts with hands-on coding.

• 8086 assembly programs for arithmetic, logic operations, array sorting and string operations
• 8051 programs for arithmetic operations, number conversion and array processing
• Interfacing experiments — 8255 PPI, stepper motor control, timers, serial communication and a traffic light controller using 8051

IoT Applications of Electrical Engineering Lab

introduces Arduino and Raspberry Pi programming, sensor/display interfacing and wireless communication, the practical IoT skillset increasingly used in smart electrical systems.

• Programming Arduino/Raspberry Pi and interfacing LEDs, buzzers and push-button/digital sensors
• Interfacing temperature and other sensors, OLED/7-segment displays, and Bluetooth communication
• Building small IoT applications — cloud data upload, fire alarm detection, heart-rate monitoring and Alexa-based home automation

Research Methodology & IPR

a mandatory audit course introducing research problem formulation, technical writing, and the fundamentals of intellectual property rights that every engineering researcher needs to know.

• Unit 1: Research problem identification, formulation and data collection
• Unit 2: Literature review, research ethics and technical writing/proposal development
• Unit 3: Nature of intellectual property — patents, designs, trademarks and copyright, and the patenting process
• Unit 4: Patent rights, licensing and technology transfer
• Unit 5: New developments in IPR, including biological systems and traditional knowledge

JNTUK R23 B.Tech EEE III Year I Semester (3-1) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Power Electronics

covers how power semiconductor devices and converters shape and control electrical power, from rectifiers through choppers to inverters, the switching technology behind motor drives, renewable interfaces and power supplies.

• Unit 1: Power semiconductor devices — SCR characteristics and triggering methods, and Power MOSFET/IGBT characteristics
• Unit 2: Single-phase AC-DC converters — half-wave, fully-controlled and semi-converter circuits under different loads
• Unit 3: Three-phase AC-DC converters and AC-AC converters, including cycloconverters
• Unit 4: DC-DC converters — buck, boost and buck-boost converter analysis and PWM control
• Unit 5: DC-AC converters — single- and three-phase inverters and sinusoidal PWM techniques

Digital Circuits

builds combinational and sequential digital logic design skills, from Boolean minimization through counters and registers to digital IC families, feeding directly into the microprocessor and embedded-systems work later in the program.

• Unit 1: Combinational logic simplification (Karnaugh maps, Quine-McCluskey) and arithmetic circuits
• Unit 2: Decoders, multiplexers, encoders and programmable logic devices (ROM, PAL, PLA)
• Unit 3: Flip-flop design, counters and shift registers
• Unit 4: Sequential circuit analysis and design using Mealy and Moore models
• Unit 5: Digital IC characteristics and logic families (TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS)

Power Systems-II

covers how transmission line parameters, performance and transients are calculated and designed, the analytical backbone for planning and operating the transmission network.

• Unit 1: Transmission line parameter calculations — resistance, inductance, GMR/GMD and capacitance
• Unit 2: Performance analysis of short, medium and long transmission lines
• Unit 3: Power system transients — surge propagation, reflection and refraction at line terminations
• Unit 4: Corona phenomena and its effects on transmission lines
• Unit 5: Sag and tension calculations and overhead line insulator design

Professional Elective-I: Signals and Systems

introduces the mathematical language of signal classification, transforms and system properties used to analyse how electrical systems respond to different inputs.

• Unit 1: Signal and system classification, and singularity functions
• Unit 2: Fourier series and Fourier transform representation of signals
• Unit 3: Correlation functions and the sampling theorem
• Unit 4: Laplace transforms and region of convergence
• Unit 5: Z-transforms and their properties

Professional Elective-I: Computer Architecture and Organization

explains how a digital computer is organized internally (registers, control units, pipelining, memory and I/O), background knowledge that supports the microprocessor and embedded-systems work ahead.

• Unit 1: Basic computer organization, instruction cycle and design
• Unit 2: Register transfer language, micro-operations and microprogrammed control
• Unit 3: CPU organization, addressing modes, and pipelining/RISC concepts
• Unit 4: I/O organization — interrupts, DMA and serial communication
• Unit 5: Memory hierarchy, cache and virtual memory

Professional Elective-I: Communication Systems

surveys how information is modulated, transmitted and coded across analog and digital communication systems, from AM/FM principles to modern mobile and satellite links.

• Unit 1: Amplitude modulation techniques — DSB-SC, SSB-SC and VSB-SC
• Unit 2: Angle modulation — frequency and phase modulation
• Unit 3: Pulse modulation (PAM/PWM/PPM), PCM, and digital carrier modulation techniques
• Unit 4: Error control coding — linear block codes, cyclic codes and convolutional codes
• Unit 5: Modern communication systems — microwave, optical, satellite and mobile communication

Open Elective-I: Renewable Energy Sources

surveys the major renewable energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, ocean and chemical sources) that electrical engineers increasingly need to integrate into the grid.

• Unit 1: Solar energy — PV cell characteristics, collectors and storage
• Unit 2: Wind energy conversion systems and their components
• Unit 3: Biomass, small-hydro and geothermal energy
• Unit 4: Ocean, wave and tidal energy conversion
• Unit 5: Chemical energy sources — fuel cells, hydrogen energy and MHD power generation

Open Elective-I: Concepts of Energy Auditing & Management

covers how to audit and manage industrial and building energy use, from basic audit principles through efficient motors and power-factor correction to the economics of energy-saving investments.

• Unit 1: Basic principles and types of energy audits
• Unit 2: Energy management principles and the energy manager’s role
• Unit 3: Energy-efficient motors and lighting system design
• Unit 4: Power factor improvement methods and energy measurement instruments
• Unit 5: Economic analysis of energy investments — payback, NPV and life-cycle costing

Entrepreneurship Development & Venture Creation

listed in the course structure as an alternative to Open Elective-I, but the source syllabus PDF does not contain a unit-wise syllabus for this course anywhere in its 186 pages, so no unit breakdown can be given honestly here.

Power Electronics Lab

hands-on experiments that verify the device characteristics and converter behaviour covered in the Power Electronics course, from firing circuits to inverter control.

• Characteristics of SCR, Power MOSFET and IGBT, and firing circuit design (R, RC, UJT)
• Single-phase and three-phase converter performance with resistive and inductive loads, including dual converters and cycloconverters
• Buck/boost converter operation, and single-phase/three-phase inverter control (square wave and PWM)

Analog and Digital Circuits Lab

combines analog circuit experiments (clippers, oscillators, op-amp applications) with digital circuit realization (adders, counters, registers) to reinforce both electronics courses on the bench.

• Clipper/clamper circuits, transistor biasing, feedback amplifiers and oscillators
• Op-amp based integrator/differentiator circuits, multivibrators using IC 555, and PLL/ADC-DAC circuits
• Digital circuit realization — adders/subtractors, decoders, multiplexers, flip-flops, shift registers and counters

Soft Skills

a skill-enhancement course on communication, self-management and interview readiness aimed at making engineering graduates workplace-ready beyond their technical training.

• Unit 1: Analytical thinking, listening skills and verbal/non-verbal communication
• Unit 2: Self-management — anger, stress and time management, and professional etiquette
• Unit 3: Grammar, pronunciation and business writing (emails, letters, minutes)
• Unit 4: Group discussions, resume preparation and mock interviews
• Unit 5: Interpersonal relationships and workplace collaboration

Tinkering Lab

a hands-on prototyping lab where students build small electronics and IoT projects to develop practical problem-solving and innovation skills that complement classroom theory.

• Building basic breadboard circuits (series/parallel circuits, traffic light circuit, automatic street light using an LDR)
• Arduino and ESP32 programming for LED control, sensor/servo interfacing and mobile-app control
• 3D-printing design projects and a live soil-moisture monitoring dashboard project

Evaluation of Community Service Internship

the course structure lists this as a 2-credit internship evaluation component with no lecture hours; the source PDF does not provide a unit-wise syllabus for it since it is assessed on the student’s actual internship placement rather than classroom content.

JNTUK R23 B.Tech EEE II Year II Semester (2-2) Syllabus & Subject-wise Topics

by Rishi | Jul 10, 2026 | JNTUK R23 Syllabus

Managerial Economics & Financial Analysis

introduces the economic and accounting concepts engineers need to evaluate business decisions: demand, cost, market structures, capital budgeting and financial statement analysis.

• Unit 1: Managerial economics fundamentals — demand concept, elasticity and forecasting
• Unit 2: Production and cost analysis, and break-even analysis
• Unit 3: Forms of business organization and market structures — perfect/imperfect competition, monopoly, pricing strategy
• Unit 4: Working capital and capital budgeting techniques (payback period, ARR, NPV, IRR)
• Unit 5: Financial accounting basics — double-entry bookkeeping, final accounts, and ratio analysis

Analog Circuits

builds transistor and op-amp circuit design skills, from biasing and feedback through oscillators to data converters, underpinning the analog electronics used inside instrumentation and control systems.

• Unit 1: Diode clipping/clamping circuits and BJT DC biasing techniques
• Unit 2: Small-signal BJT modelling using h-parameters and feedback amplifier configurations
• Unit 3: Oscillator circuits (RC phase shift, Wien bridge, crystal) and operational amplifier characteristics
• Unit 4: Op-amp applications (instrumentation amplifier, integrator/differentiator) and waveform generators
• Unit 5: 555 timer and phase-locked loop circuits, plus DAC and ADC techniques

Power Systems-I

surveys how electricity is generated, substations are configured, and distribution networks are designed and priced, the big-picture plumbing that later subjects analyse in more depth.

• Unit 1: Hydroelectric and thermal power station layout and components
• Unit 2: Nuclear power stations — reactor types, components and radiation safety
• Unit 3: Air-insulated and gas-insulated substations and bus-bar arrangements
• Unit 4: Underground cable construction/grading and distribution system design
• Unit 5: Load curves, economic factors of generation, and tariff methods

Induction and Synchronous Machines

covers the construction, performance and control of three-phase and single-phase induction motors alongside synchronous generators and motors, the AC machines that dominate industrial power use.

• Unit 1: Three-phase induction motor construction, rotating field production and equivalent circuit
• Unit 2: Induction motor torque-slip characteristics, testing, starting methods and speed control
• Unit 3: Single-phase induction motors — double revolving field theory and starting methods
• Unit 4: Synchronous generator construction, armature windings, EMF equation and voltage regulation
• Unit 5: Synchronous motor operation, excitation effects and hunting

Control Systems

teaches how to model, analyse and stabilize feedback systems, from transfer functions and time-domain response through frequency response and state-space methods, skills used across every automated electrical system.

• Unit 1: Mathematical modelling — transfer functions, block diagram algebra and signal flow graphs
• Unit 2: Time response analysis, error constants, Routh’s stability criterion and root locus
• Unit 3: Frequency response analysis using Bode diagrams, polar plots and the Nyquist criterion
• Unit 4: Lag, lead and lag-lead compensator design using Bode plots
• Unit 5: State-space representation, canonical forms, and controllability/observability

Induction and Synchronous Machines Lab

bench experiments that let students measure the torque, speed and regulation characteristics of induction motors and alternators predicted by the theory course.

• Brake test and circle diagram of three-phase induction motors, plus V/f speed control
• Single-phase induction motor equivalent circuit and power factor improvement
• Alternator regulation by synchronous impedance, MMF and Potier triangle methods, and parallel operation of alternators

Control Systems Lab

hands-on experiments with servo components, compensators and PLCs that make abstract control-theory concepts like stability and controllability tangible.

• Time-domain analysis of second-order systems and the effect of P/PD/PI/PID controllers
• Lag/lead compensator design, transfer function determination of DC motors, and Bode/root locus/Nyquist plotting in MATLAB
• Characteristics of magnetic amplifiers, AC/DC servo motors and synchros, plus PLC logic gate verification

Python Programming Lab

a practical Python course covering core syntax through data structures, file handling, OOP and a first taste of data-science libraries, the general-purpose programming skill engineers need for automation and analysis.

• Unit 1: Python basics — data types, control flow statements, and exception handling
• Unit 2: Functions, built-in modules, and string/list operations
• Unit 3: Dictionaries, tuples and sets
• Unit 4: File handling and object-oriented programming (classes, inheritance, polymorphism)
• Unit 5: Introduction to data science tools — JSON/XML handling, NumPy and Pandas

Design Thinking & Innovation

introduces the design-thinking process of empathizing, ideating and prototyping, so students approach product development with a structured, user-centred method rather than guesswork.

• Unit 1: Elements and principles of design, and the history of design thinking
• Unit 2: The design thinking process — empathize, analyze, ideate and prototype
• Unit 3: Innovation versus creativity, and building innovation-focused teams
• Unit 4: Product design — problem formulation, product strategy and specifications
• Unit 5: Applying design thinking to business processes, startups and business-model testing